Gender, Culture and the Media Essay Example for Free

sexual activity, Culture and the Media EssayMedia, in the context required, is a end point used to define an interactive transmission that is visualized and then especially designed to reach a large audience, for e. g. a whole nation. These audiences, however, argon rattling different from one another, depending on their shade and sexual urge identities. The variance in culture and sexual identities, have an obvious bear on on media which is why on that point is a dire need for exploring the relationship between the two. The most important tool in exploring and understanding the relationship between media and culture is communication. This is because communication plays a very effective role in the mood through which interaction is carried out with the masses (Gaunlett, 2002). For this purpose, extreme emphasis is given to the cultural differences that may occur. such is the case of international campaigns or chains of restaurants whenever they want to promote any produc t, they have to consider the differences, and keeping these differences in mind, they alter their product accordingly for e. g. , McDonalds in India, do not usually serve their mint beef burgers as cow is sacred to them.Likewise, Indian people can relate more to it than others who are just viewing this product on an Indian channel. On this note, I would alike to add that it is also a TV channels responsibleness to be aware of the ethics with regard to culture. Although, media is known to show us situation and relationships from other peoples point-of-view, the impact is originated from a certain culture or social class, for that matter. However, it has been changing from time to time with the global development. So, we can say that the relationship between media and gender today, is different from how it was years ago.The reason is because peoples thought have changed in the passing years, the role models have changed and the attitudes of people have changed, which without doubt influences media. It is for these contemporary audiences that the media has to alter whatever it promotes, in the manner that is much acceptable to them. The rest is mere perception on the audiences part. Talking about the perception of various people and how they interact with things like talk shows, MTV, the Internet, soap operas, television sitcoms, dramatic series and so forth, it is very likely to notice that the people interact with the media on the basis of their culture and gender identities (Dines, 2008). An example is that of Lorillards Newport cigarettes, introduced in 1957, which after its struggle period in the early stages of introduction, became very popular with the African American crowd. Another comment on the same example is that Newport cigarettes contain menthol, which is supposed to be associated with women mostly. Relating this with media, the advertisements for this brand also focused on African American people in the beginning, as they had deposit them as their target market.With the change in society and changing views of people, Newport gained its market recognition and broadened their target market and today it owns a most coveted place in the tobacco industry. In the society that we live in today, people dedicate a batch of time to television, magazines, surfing the net, and other publications. As a result, it is very inevitable to say that they come across culture and advertising almost everyday. Among these people, a large segment belongs to the younger generation, who are particularly peeled and relatively effected much easily by the same.Childhood culture is an inter-textual universe which connects TV programs to movies, videogames, toys, T-shirts, shoes, games, crayons, coloring books, bed linens and towels, pencil cases, lunch boxes etc. This is where the impact part comes into play, which media has on children and that which the children have on the media (Geertz, 1977). One of the greatest impacts of the above stated ex ample on media is that when a television program (for kids) is produced, a lot of things have to be taken into consideration.Not too much violence, abusive language or false imagery should be used. As far as sexual identity is concerned, men and women have different views, likes and dislikes, regarding different things. Women are more likely to read magazines like Gourmet, Culinary Trends, Bon Appetite, Food and Wine etc. Lately, men have also developed a similar trend in reading magazines but there choices are those like Extreme Sports, dough Sports, and Sports Illustration etc. Another aspect is that of men leading the global scene.When it comes to voiceovers, men dominate, regardless of the product. Men continue to work in their late ages on screen whereas women tend to disappear in their late thirties. Facial lines and grey hair are considered to be signs of maturity in males, while the same would state females old and not fit for TV (Buikema, 2009). On the other hand, it is a lso reported to have said that with the developing sense of equality with regard to sexes, the generation magazine cover wondered if feminism was dead in June 1998.To sum up, the media shows us situations and relationships from other peoples point-of-view and we begin to think that we can now attend to how the world works, in lives other than our own. Soap-operas showing how neighbors, friends and lovers interact with each other are not behaviors that the media has created by itself. It is the likes of people that have affected media to prosecute the same. That too, varies from culture to culture. Some counties believe in open cultures while others observe closed culture where too much intimacy and involvement is not find upon as appropriate.People claim that the reference points for them are film and TV but actually its the way round- people, their cultures and genders influence upon the way they interact with the media. References Buikema, R. , Tuin I. , (2008), Doing Gender i n Media, Art and Culture. Routledge Dines G. , McMahon J. , (2008), Gender, Race, and Class in Media A Text-reader. Sage Publications Gauntlett D. , (2002), Media, Gender, and Identity An Introduction. Routledge Geertz, C. (1977). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books

Simple to carry around Essay Example for Free

Simple to carry around EssaySuper calculating machines atomic number 18 the fastest computers and the most expensive computer in the world these are at least 100 millions pounds. They are mainly used for superior scientific investigations, weather forecasting or march on engineering applications Mainframe computers can contain massive amounts of data and are capable of processing them. Large utility companies such as gas suppliers and banks etc would these computers to return masses of data in it.Minicomputers are used by smaller businesses to handle their data processing or to run something similar to a metropolis traffic overcome system. Desktop computers would naturally be supplied with the computer itself (complete with hard disk drive and floppy disk drive) and peripherals such as a screen, a mouse, a keyboard and a CD or DVD drive. These are comparatively cheap and easy to add development cards to. The only disadvantage is that it takes up lots of space and is not ea sily moved.Notebooks (Laptops) These are little, light and simple to carry around. You open it by his hinges and has a screen on its inside, keyboard and mouse controls. These are really expensive because of their processing power and you cannot use standard refinement cards. Keyboards and screens not as good for extended usage. They are designed to run on rechargeable batteries or the mains and can contain many of the description available on a desktop computer.Touch pads or a button are usually used to control the screen pointer. These are also portable due to their size and ability to run on batteries Palm-tops PDAs (personal digital assistants) These are rattling portable, small hand-held computers. They are usually supplied with software such as a diary, a contacts database, and some form of word processor. Many now surrender email facilities and even spreadsheets and databases. They either use a little keyboard or a touch-sensitive screen and writing recognition software. They can be linked to bigger computers straight by cable or through a docking station or using an infrared link. These are relatively expensive, limited expansion non-keyboard versions can be slow to input data. Embedded computers have a vast number of modern devices contain some figure of built-in computer. Examples hold washing machines camera, hi-fi systems telephones microwave ovens missiles. The inputs are usually sensors so a keyboard may not be needed. The outputs are usually simple displays or motors and relays to control something.

Ageism Employment Discrimination

Ageism Employment DiscriminationAGEISM AND EMPLOYMENTSocial and economic controversies surrounding jump on discrimination by employers in the workplace is becoming a major social problem. For bollocks boomers range grow 55 and over, seek implies evidential generational issues in footing of attitudes of the employer and society in general (Palamore, Branch, Harris, 2005). Previous studies demonstrate that geezerhood discrimination is stereotypical among hiring man mountrs in the workplace and is a leading social problem for the age state (Gringart, Helmes, Speelman, 2005). correspond to (Marshall, 2007) agism in the workplace relates to the employers impression and evaluation of capabilities. Judgmental attitudes based upon a persons age appearance, as opposed to their potential, is covert discrimination. Waller (2006) presents an interesting perspective of inequity and ageism the harassment by employers to persons over 55. Waller implies that employers face the same li abilities and legal consequences as that of discrimination by race, sex, disability, sexual orientation, religion, or beliefs (Waller, 2006 p. 33).Ageism as a psychosocial problem is detrimental to the emotional and mental well being of the persons experiencing discrimination in the workplace (Marshall, 2007). The race over the age of 50 faces epoch-making vulnerability in the workplace where skilled histrions be at a greater risk of termination than the lubberly younger worker (Roscigno et al., 2007). Ageism affects those approaching sleep togetherment age, persons 50 and over, who atomic number 18 not physically or mentally prepared for retirement. This premature event is deprave to persons who spent a lifetime committed to their no-longer-needed professional experience.It appears that policy makers lack consideration for the over 50-population and allow loopholes for the employers by unclear discrimination laws and regulations. MacGregor (2006) summarizes an coordinateer (a) cipher of ageism in the workplace, the initiation, and enforcement of early retirement by offering incentives. If initiatives do not elicit early retirement, demoted status frequently leaves the persons with no alternative nearly other than laboured early retirement. scotch, social, financial, and stereotypical attitudes toward the aging men needs reevaluation by corporate America as the labor force of the aging population exit soon eliminate the younger labor force (Goldberg, 2000). The hypothesis of this study describes the profound affects of discrimination and displacement of person over 55 old age of age in the workplace. Evidence finds that attitudes of ageism are a widespread quandary, which is increasing the vulnerability of future generations in the workplace environment (Goldberg, 2000). The number of baby boomers reaching retirement age in the near future may replace the attitudes about the graying workforce from a social and economic perspective (Wan, Sengup ta, Velkoff, DeBArros, 2005). This study addresses un usance and ageism issues of baby boomers in the state of New Hampshire, which compromises 30 percent of its population (Angiropolis, 2008).HypothesesReview of current and past research bequeaths empirical evidence, in conjunction with statistical trends presented by the New Hampshire Employment Security and Department of Labor (Angiropolis, 2008). This experimental study hopes to confirm the presence of age discrimination, eliminating gender characteristics and hiring inequity, in New Hampshire. According to previous studies, age definitely played a role in hiring determination. Globalization of age discrimination affects society from a generational and economic viewpoint. Since the dilemma of increasing aging baby boomers area, a major economic portion of the workforce appears through previous literature as an ongoing social problem. literary productions is a vital feature of this research study for the validation and emphas is of ageism as a growing social problem in the workplace. Therefore, a research survey identifying and validating the seriousness of ageism in the workplace, including New Hampshire is the hypotheses of this study.Review of Literature and TheoriesRix, (2005) reports that nearly 1.7 million workers aged 55 and older were displaced from their jobs among January 2001 and December 2003 (p. 4). Re-employment for many exceeds a period of 4-5 months. For showcase, the Employment Security Commission in Manchester, New Hampshire confirms the average unemployment compensation is among 20-26 weeks and unemployment benefits do not exceed a 26-week period (Asselin, A., personal communication, January 16, 2008). Ageism, reorganization, and lay-offs all displace employees. Often persons are over qualified, yet ageism appears to discourage hiring managers, although employers carefully avoid the topic of age due to discrimination laws and fears of lawsuits. Experienced workers in New Hampshire, include persons with academic degrees, old age of vocational training, and life skills (Asselin, A., personal communication, January 16, 2008). In the past few years, statistics maneuver an increase for persons over age 55 receiving unemployment in New Hampshire (Angiropolis, 2008).Ageism in the workplace is a global problemone that exists in countries and states other than New Hampshire. Mandatory retirement, abolished in the United States in 1996 as part of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA, 1996), is not part of employment policy for Canadians. They still struggle with legislation to end age discrimination of persons from age 60-65. MacGregor (2005/2006) reports mandatory retirement is an ongoing political and social problem for the aging Canadian population. Additional empirical studies of the Australian aging population suggest inequity and stereotypical attitudes of hiring older adults (MacGregor 2005/2006).From a global perspective, this does not appear to be a consideration for hiring managersageism seems to take precedence over knowledge in the hiring decision. Gringart et al. (2005, as cited by Bittman, Flick, Rice, 2001) refer to a study that sampled 1007 hiring decision- makers (Gringart et al., p. 88) and found almost hiring managers preferred younger employees. Managers preferred training younger employees as opposed to older employees since stereotypically younger persons are purportedly more capable of learning. A correspondent study conducted in the United States requestd similar results of stereotypical attitudes towards ageism by hiring managers (Bendick, Jackson, Wall, 1999, as cited by Gringart et al., 2005).Recent research foc uses on interaction, stereotypical aspects, and corporate expenditures influencing age discrimination in the workplace (Rosecigno, Mong, Byron, Tester, 2007). Considering previous research findings the existence of ageism and discrimination, is it plausible that societal views about aging are ge nerational in nature, and in turn, influence attitudes of employers? Are the growing cultural differences likely to affect future generations if attitudes do not change? Vincent (2005) summarizes generational society as being a close that is no longer specific to the younger generations it includes persons transitioning from work to retirement. Where the over-55 population is agonistic into early retirement by employers, it appears from a social, political, and legal viewpoint to validate and reinforce stereotypical attitudes about this population. These behaviors present a growing problem and require reevaluation if indeed this is an increasing social problem. For persons aged 55 and older forced into early retirement, discouragement and emotional issues generally escalate healthcare costs due to lack of income potential and isolation from mainstream society.In addition, Gringart et al. (2005) suggests early or forced retirement is a world-shaking loss to the younger generation since the older, more experienced, and knowledgeable employee is no longer present to share the wisdom of experience and influence. What example is society statement the younger generation about biases prejudices of the older population, and their future in the workplace? The astronomical numbers of over 55 workers forced to retire in 1999, 5.4 million (Palamore et al., 2005, p. 82), indicates ageism is a growing issue in our society. Such loss of resources affects the economy and society in general and presents a prejudicious view of aging. Every citizen needs to be concerned on the topic of ageism and discrimination in the workplace since future shoutions imply the number of baby boomers reaching full retirement age allow double at heart the next decade (Nelson 2005). The population provide channelise to a Graying America (Nelson, 2005, p. 218). Undoubtedly, this shift will dramatically influence all aspects of society, including the aging population in New Hampshire.The Ne w Hampshire Employment Security and Department of Labor reports the aging population of unemployed workers is continually increasing (Angiropolis, 2008). In 2004, the Department of Labor in New Hampshire reported a total of 6,901 displaced workers 3,450 males, and 2,641 females. Totaling 18 percent unemployed betwixt the ages of 45-54 and 14 percent amid the ages of 55-64 total claims for both groups totaled 4,426 unemployed persons that filed claims, the total for that year 28,000 claims. Current information of unemployment claims indicate a continuum of increase in 2006 reported claims of 6,592, in 2007, 7,536 claims reported. In addition, to the overall increase from 27,612 in 2006 to 35,609 in 2007 an increase of 7,609 between 2004 and 2007 (Angiropolis, 2008). Data of age groups for 2007, yet published, the significance of percentages of unemployed between ages 45-64 in past years indicates 32% of citizens in New Hampshire (Angiropolis, 2008). Previous data-reflecting ageism in of displaced workers in New Hampshire requires further research in put together to determine if there is a relationship between qualities and characteristics of hiring managers to either eliminate or reinforce ageism discrimination.MethodsParticipantsA research study is questionnaires in the form of a survey of 400 random businesses in New Hampshire area to measure the characteristics and capabilities of potential employees. The qualifying participants must be owners, and or hiring managers.Materials and ProcedureThe research experiment is a self-designed survey to be conducted by telephone to participants. Utilizing the method of a Likert scale the survey seeks to ask hiring manager to list the most epoch-making qualities when deciding to hire persons in their organization or company. This survey asks the participants to rank in order of their comfort level in job applicant qualification the survey hopes to indicate stereotypical preferences of hiring employees by decision-m akers (see Appendix 1).Participating hiring managers will be told the survey is voluntary in nature. If they chose to respond to this study of various decision-making attributes of hiring personal. Participants will also be told of the purpose of this survey instrument (a) educating future generations on how to prepare for employment, (b) the significant qualities, and characteristics that hiring managers are seeking. In addition, this instrument serves and an educational process of teaching the younger generation how to prepare for retirement at an early age. Since ageism appears to be a global issue with emphasis influencing stereotypical attitudes and assumptions of the aging workforce. future tense projections of ageism as a deterrent when persons reaching over age 55 become unemployed and are unable to re-enter the workforce.ImplicationsLimitations of the survey are primarily time constraints for this research study. In addition, sample size of respondents may not provided the results this experiment hopes to conclude in terms of stereotypical characteristics of decision-making by hiring managers. Moreover, some of the questions regarding age and gender may not be accurately disclosed by responding participants. Validity of this research is mutualist upon honest factual responses by hiring-managers and the interior designer of the survey. The possibility that the responses are questioned since the validity of responses relies solely on the designer applies to the ethical principles of this researcher and study. A further limitation of this experiment requires permission from the ethics mission of the State Board of Psychologist in New Hampshire prior to the surveys completion.DiscussionPast research implies the validity of discrimination for persons over age 55, including premature termination and difficulty with re-employment. Research exemplifies the existence of negative ageism, yet little research questions the opinions of over 50 persons experienc ing the dilemma of forced retirement and the rejection associated with developmental milestones of aging. As a diverse society where prejudices and biases exist from a cultural viewpoint, ageism ranks as a minority group. Perhaps further research addressing methods of creating societal change regarding cultural biases and prejudices can influence negativity around aging and employment.Several articles from peer-review journals provide significant empirical evidence of stereotypical negativity from employers in the workforce. In addition, a conversation with an employee from Employment Security Commission in Manchester, New Hampshire, regarding displaced persons aged 50 and over. Ms. Asselin provided written consent to use specific portions of this conversation for the use of this study. Ms. Asselin, reported, I see older clients everyday, which are more than qualified for positions, and are not employed by the hiring managers. Most report they are over qualified several persons are 50 and over. When directly asked the question of age discrimination, she states, Definitely, we see this all the time, even though the employers do not diagnose age (Asselin, A., personal communication, January 16, 2008).The null hypothesis (Ho) of business owners in New Hampshire is dependent upon the results of the survey data. In terms of validating if ageism characteristics plays a significant role in employer decision-making during the interview process. Thus, validating previous research that ageism is a global social problem. The argument that New Hampshires unemployed persons between the ages of 45-60 having difficulties re-entering the workforce is the premises of this research. In addition, if the survey concludes hiring managers display covert discrimination then further research of all New Hampshire business managers may indicate change is needed regarding attitudes towards ageism in the workplace. New Hampshires workforce is a fraction of the problem considering past r esearch of age discrimination, research provides data that ageism is a global problem, that will likely increase in the next decade if attitudes do not change (Nelson, 2005).The reality and beliefs of this society indicates the talent of older workers over age 55 lacks the ability of adequately training capacity. Performance decreases, or often miss work because of illness categorizes a culture of persons (Goldberg, 2000). This assumption and attitude stereotypically tries to diminish a population of persons by stigmatizing ageism. Does this mean that after age 55 and over, the quality of life, experience that this generation of persons provided for many years forced into early retirement and becomes no longer useful to society? Considering the baby boomer population will be the majority of the workforce within the next decade what affect will this impose on society if diminished from the workforce?Directions for the futureAlthough discrimination is illegal, further research of att itudes of hiring managers can predict the affects age discrimination on future generations, the economy, and the healthcare system in New Hampshire. Differentiating whether ageism and discrimination are stereotypical in New Hampshire, is dependent upon the results of the survey. Since this experiment includes a sample of 400 of the potentially 100 plus hiring managers in New Hampshire. Future studies of all business owners, and or hiring managers may provide data that are more significant.More importantly is examining the assumptions that persons over age 55 are incapable of adequate productivity by hiring managers otherwise, future generations will face the same deterrent attitude if change does not occur. Ultimately, everyone ages, changes in employment policies, decreasing age discrimination, for future generations is imperative. Since research supports ageism in the workforce appears to be a neglected social problem requiring further research of a marginalized population.Appendi x 1Survey QuestionnaireParticipants response indicated by circling one of the selections below, by the designer of the survey.1. Education level (a) High school diploma, (b) Some college (c) College graduates(d) Education level does not matter2. Experience (a) 1-5 years (b) 6-10 years (c) 11-20 years (d) prefer to conduct your own training.3. Gender Males (a) age 21-30 (b) age 31-40 (c) age 41-51 (d) age 51-60 (e) over 60 (f)no preferencesGender Females (a) age 21-30 (b) age 31-40 (c) age 41-51 (d) age 51-60 (e) over 60 (f)no preferences4. Appearance (a) significant (b) moderately significant (c) little significances (d) no significance5. Technical ability (a) significant (b) somewhat significant (c) little significances (d) no significance6. Assimilation into the team (a) significant (b) somewhat significant (c) little significances (d) no significance7. Ability to work independently (a) significant (b) somewhat significant (c) little significances (d) no significance8. Profession al standards (a) significant (b) somewhat significant (c) little significances (d) no significance9. Energy levels (a) significant (b) somewhat significant (c) little significances (d) no significance10. Productive peer relationships (a) significant (b) somewhat significant (c) little significances (d) no significanceReferencesAngiropolis, M. (2008). New Hampshire Employment Securitys Economic and Labor MarketInformation Bureau. New Hampshire Economic Conditions, 108 (1) Retrieved January 16, 2008, from http//64.233.169.104/search?q=cacheT7mkj4veHl0Jwww.nh.gov/nhes/elmi/pdfzip/econanalys/Look_forward/looking%2520forward_measuringunemp.pdf+age+of+unemployed+in+NHhl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=usBittman, M., Flick, M., Rice, J. (2001). A survey of employers in a high growth industry. Social Policy Research Center the Recruitment of Older Austrailian Workers.Gringhart, F., Helmes, E., Speelman, C. P. (2005). Exploring attitudes toward older workers among Austrailain employers. Journal of Aging a nd Social Policy, 17(3), 85-103.Goldberg, B. (2000). Age kit and boodle What Corporate America Must Do to Survive the Graying of the Workforce. New York The Free Press.MacGregor, D. (2005/2006). Yes, right to work is fundamental, even for people over 65. Monitor Economic, Social, and Environmental Perspectives, 12(7), 1-24.Marshall, V. W. (2007). advance the sociology of ageism. Social Forces, 86(1), 257-264.Nelson, T. D. (2005). Ageism Prejudice against our feared future self. Journal of Social Issues, 61(2), 207-221.Palamore, E. B., Branch, L., Harris, Diana. (2005). Cost of ageism. Encyclopedia of Ageism,80-83.Reio, , Jr. T. G., Sanders-Reio, J. (1999). Combating workplace ageism. Adult Learning, 11(1), 10.ReferencesRix, S. E. (2005). Update on the older worker 2004 (Public Policy Institute, pp. 1-4).Washington, DC U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsRoscigno, V. J., Mong, S., Byron, R., Tester, G. (2007). Age discrimination, social closure, and employment. Social Forces, 86(1), 332-334.The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunitiy Commission. (1997). The Age Discrimination InEmployment Act of 1967 (ADEA). In Title VII of The Civil Rights Act of 1967 (Section621, pp. Pub.-L 101-433). Washington, DC Department of Labor and the Department ofJustice, U.S.Vincent, J. A. (2005). Understanding generations Political economy and culture in an ageingsociety. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 579-599Waller, C. (2006). Outlawing age discrimination 2006. Engineering Management, 16(4), 32-33.Wan, H., Sengupta, M., Velkoff, V. A., DeBArros, K. A. (2005). U.S. Census Bureau. InCurrent Population Report (65+ In the United States, pp. 23-209). Washington, DC U.S. Government printing Office.

Sara Lee Retrenchment Strategy

Sara lee side Retrenchment StrategyIn order to focus on being more profitable in designated industries, Sara lee side curved its occupancy units in 2006. A total of eight businesses had been retrenched and divested, which included, direct selling, U.S. retail coffee, European apparel, European nuts snacks, European rice, U.S. meat snacks, and European meats and Sara lee(prenominal) apparel (site case study). Sara Lee expected to obtain approximately $3 billion cryst anyize after proceed from divesting those businesses. Five of Sara Lees divest businesses had negative net profit margins as well as negative operating margins. Four of the five businesses had a negative margin greater than 10%. The other businesses were declining in revenues at an accelerating rate, prior to the strategic decision to divest in them. One of Sara Lees strategic goals was to augment sales by two percent in addition to increasing the profit margins to 12% by the year 2010 a company goal to increase sales nearly $14 billion. In order to do this, Sara Lee had to focus solely on the goods, drinking, and product household manufacture, areas where profitability flourishes. This also allowed the organization to follow a system that would provide them with the necessary resources to increase corporate profits, as opposed to being unprofitable before. Since 1939, the Sara Lee Corporation has maintained their vision which identifies they want to and plan to be the first choice to their customers and consumers all over the world by innovative ideas, and continuous improvement (Sara Lee website). Sara Lees mission focuses on delighting consumers every day. Sara Lee has also employed a differentiation strategy, and diversifying by acquisition.What was very creative on the organizations part was launching an initiative called Project Accelerate. In 2008, Project Accelerate was launched and is a program designed to reduce costs and increase productivity. To do this, the company had to fo cus on overhead cost, reform its supply chain and outsource. This program was projected to save up to $ cd million by the end of 2012. In 2010 alone, Project Accelerate saved Sara Lee nearly $180 million. Within a three-year period, management also bought ass close to $3 billion in common shares (site case study). Unfortunately, by the end of 2010, Sara Lee only obtained revenue of just $10.8 billion. The company then dissociated the world(prenominal) household and bole care business. Sara Lee continued its same strategy employing broad differentiation strategy. It does not specify in this case study or on their website if the goal was to have the lowest priced products, but the idea of differentiating from other brands allow Sara Lee to show value of their brand and provide high whole tone products. After the retrenchments, Sara Lee focused more on food for thought beverage, and food service, in which their fresh bread sales, for an example, increase to over $600 million with in a three year time period. This increase was due Sara Lees grocery-store and fast-food restaurant leverages. Sara Lee had a strong market share in that particular area of the industry and eventually beverage profits increased, international products increased, and low-calorie desserts met the needs of consumers all over the world. Since Sara Lee has a successful business strategy that focuses on product novelty and customer demand, its products have been successful in many a(prenominal) business markets. In addition, displayed under the Sara Lees Matrixes, Sara Lees retrenchment strategy of their 8 business units have help the business future prosperities.Strategically, Sara Lees decision to retrench eight business units was in the best interest of the company, and as a result they have strong, successful products in food within many retail and food-service industries. In addition they were also able to have a strong meat service business, which yield to cost nest egg without c ompromising on quality and customer, consumer, and company relationships. As far as the beverage and bread products, Sara Lee is near 50% of their profits and selling to topical anaesthetic retailers can expand successful profitability through international countries such as North America and Europe, who are heavy bread, coffee and tea consumers. paraphernalia back to the case study, Sara Lees intentions was to retrench business units that were not useful toward the direction that the company wanted to go. Doing so allowed Sara Lee to focus more on food, beverage and household products. Their objectives were met and continually to meet by the increasing sales, profitability and even market shares through their competitive pricing, strong brands and innovation ideas/concepts. One recommendation includes Sara Lee focusing on beverage products internationally. Sara Lee can start out by selling beverages to local retailers internationally and model closely behind their strategy for the ir food-service industries and utilize the knowledge and network gained from that.The second recommend includes focusing more on North America because they contributed to the 86% of the profits back in 2010. So Sara Lee must re-evaluate the profitability in selling those single-serve coffees pods (Senseo) and gear them towards the United States. A third recommendation would be Sara Lee expanding its household products, not body care products. Sara Lee should tap into and expand its air freshener brand because there is a great market share for it in the United States and Europe. Consumers automatically chance on that the air fresheners will be of similar smell to the desserts and breads that Sara Lee makes. Can you imagine walking into a house that smells like warmed apple pie, or banana nut bread? Air fresheners can satisfy consumers who indulge desserts as they have a sweet tooth, or consumers who end from many desserts for dietetical reasons, but would definitely enjoy the arom a around the house. Another household product could be insecticides that can be useful and affordable in many countries, including Africa. Providing this product can help improve farming, which trickles down to the items that we eat, a food-service beverage industry that Sara Lee plans to continue its markets and profitability in. Introducing new products to the market can refrain from any significant loss in business units currently and in the future.

Crime Prevention Technology

Crime Prevention TechnologyOver the years, government agencies pass water want ways to combat crime. Our Criminal Justice System is in a state of crisis due to prisons being over crowded. It is better to interdict a crime than to punish the single(a) for a crime once it has affected much than parties. It is evident with the result of crimes reported in the media, instead of reducing the turning of crimes taking place, it is increasing. That itself shows the urgency nations attention on crime prevention.Research indicates that original individuals in society atomic number 18 more than prone follow and maintain a lamentable c atomic number 18er. Furthermore, there appears seems to be with an obvious pattern among the individuals who bear been jailed for committing serious crimes. For example men from disadvantaged backgrounds, with disloyal face-to-faceities and poor impulse control be regarded as having high risk personality to commit crime. As a result, it is import ant that Sri Lankan Criminal Justice System recognizes these high risk individuals and implement certain preventative measures to discourage them from a deplorable path.3. Today it has incur important more than ever to control these individuals who are seriously damaging the nations pass on. As indicated by research, there appears to be a strong link between the seriousness of the act (ex, rape, armed robbery and murder etc.) connected by an individual and the number of fourth dimensions these individuals have come into contact with the Criminal Justice System. thitherfore, it is easy to assume that the re-offending rates in Sri Lanka would be significantly higher. Hence, it is essential that the governing bodies employment towards bringing down the rates of re-offending in Sri Lanka. With the befriend of modern applied science this whitethorn become a more attainable goal.AIM4. To indicate the grapheme and importance of engineering to prevent crimes and through that mainta in right and order in Sri LankaEXPLANATION ON CRIME5. Crime could be defined as a breach of laws for which a countrys Criminal Justice System whitethorn ultimately en depict a guilty sentence. Crimes can be classified into felonies, misdemeanours and infraction.a. A felony is considered to be the most serious type of crime and it includes the issues related to assault, murder, rape, robbery etc.b. A Misdemeanours are little serious than felonies. It is therefore distinguished by the length or gravity of the punishment issued to the individual. These include simple assaults, Driving under the Influence of alcohol or drugs (more commonly known as DUI) and boisterous conduct in public.c. Infractions are the least serious type of crime. It includes common traffic offences, breaching speed limits.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRIME AND TECHNOLOGY6. Advancement in engineering science appears to be a double edged sword as it has created a whole new spectrum of crime and this akin engine room helpers the law enforcement combat, prevent to or capture these criminals. For example, in addition to dealing with crimes such as murder, robbery, rape law enforcement agencies are forced to deal with internet crimes such as internet hackers, internet stalkers, internet vir applys and the use of the internet to cheat are the example of a few. On a positive aspect this same engineering could be utilized to increase the power and range of the law enforcement agencies. For example, technology could be used to prevent certain types crime from happening to ultimately capturing these criminals who have committed the crime.7. Surveillance videos, fingerprint technology and deoxyribonucleic acid establish could besides be used in a court of law to help pass around to prison and punish these individuals without relying solely on human witnesses. There were m all experiences and so many stories where that human memory has had devastating influences on certain individuals who were wron g confined. On a positive none, most of these wrongly accused have since been released from confinement with the help of modern technology such as DNA evidence and fingerprint evidence.WHAT ARE THE CRIMES IN SRI LANKA8. According to the Sri Lankan Police website, during the year 2010 home invasions, theft and robbery, knife attacks, homicide attempts to commit suicide and grievous harm are among the crimes that predominately committed by the Sri Lankan population are probably indicative only of reported crime as culturally Sri Lankans are less likely to report personal crimes such as domestic assaults, rapes and childhood sexual assaults because of the disgrace attached to these crimes. For example, often people are either to a fault afraid or too ashamed regarding the circumstances and therefore are less likely to seek help and support from authorities.USE OF TECHNOLOGY TO CURB CRIMES IN SRI LANKAAS AT PRESENT AND AREAS TO IMPROVE9. Technology is already being used to obtain evid ence and capture criminals. However, we do non use technology that much, to prevent crimes in comparison to post criminal activities. Law enforcement agencies rely heavily on fingerprinting technology and the Sri Lankan Criminal Justice System had recognizes these advancements in technology. For example, DNA, fingerprinting, through remember call details, surveillance cameras, digital photos and videos are now recognized in a court of law.FINGERPRINT TECHNOLOGY10. Fingerprint technology has been used for more than a century and the FBI in America have used fingerprinting technology as far as 1924 in criminal investigations. Even though, Sri Lankan law enforcement agencies didnt use fingerprinting technology that far back in time, but they have relied on this technology for the past few decades of time.11. Fingerprinting technology is a relatively cheap and it is still considered to be one of the most reliable forms of evidence in a court of law. A persons individual appearance ma y change with time, but it is impossible to change an individuals fingerprint. That is the main motive for them to rely on this old technology this much.12. As Sri Lanka is a evolution country we are lack with many resources to use and same goes with expensive technology, even which are readily visible(prenominal) to use in the first world nations. Fingerprinting technology is relatively low cost, therefore Sri Lanka doesnt need to depend on foreign countries and we have the technology too. That compels us to use it more as it is readily available within the country.13. Currently, the Sri Lankan law enforcement agencies are in the process of storing fingerprints of criminals who are recognised by the court of law and these fingerprints are stored in databases for easy access and for future(a) reference. The government has recognised the importance of fingerprinting technology. As a result they are in the process of introducing National Identity cards that have an individuals alt ernate print coupled with other cultivation to help minimise personal identity theft and for easy identification.BIO METRIC TECHNOLOGY14. DNA, infrared technology, face recognition are used widely in Western countries. These advanced technologies are used to help basically in preventing unauthorised access to sensitive information or restricted buildings and states. At present Sri Lanka does not process the resources to use these mentioned technologies even though requirement highly exist.15. However, DNA technology is used in Sri Lanka mainly to help localize individuals at a crime outlook. It has also been used in the past to confirm an individuals identity. A highly publicised example where DNA was used was during the 2004 Tsunami to identify the biological parents of an infant as several families claimed the infant belonged to them.16. Unfortunately, Sri Lanka lacks the financial resources to use them on a regular basis. Currently what practise is, later on collecting and securing DNA evidence it is sent to a foreign country to obtain the results. This can often be very expensive and highly time consuming.CLOSE CIRCUIT TELEVISION17. Close Circuit Television or more commonly known as CCTV is relatively new in Sri Lanka. CCTV has the potential to help control criminal and disorderly behavior in community. Research conducted in this area states that CCTV cameras help prevent crime by increasing the chances of acquire caught and by further obtaining the evidence required to convict these individuals. Further it would help monitor offenders behaviors and patterns.18. CCTV cameras may help citizens be cautionary through its presence. For example, research indicates that individuals are likely to be hesitant of committing a crimes commonly happening, such as shop-lifting when they are made aware that all their behaviors and actions are being monitored. Sri Lankan banks and money manipulation agencies use CCTV to help reduce bank robberies. If a robbery does take place, with its information security personals can activate their contingency plans in preventing robbery is been get through and even filing so CCTV can then be used to gather evidence.19. There are five disadvantages in utilise CCTV, for example it is pricy and it can be time consuming to go through the surveillance tapes once a crime has been committed. However, a good surveillance system may help cut down the number of crimes committed. Furthermore, CCTV cameras will help law agencies recognize, catch and convict individuals. It would also help further because, if an individual is caught on camera then there would be no argument as to what is being done. It would become extremely difficult for their layers to argue or make excuses for their behaviors when caught in the action. rambling POLICE VEHICLES20. With the development of the communication, with in a matter of seconds, individuals can inform authorities about a crime, details relating to incidents, regarding a person or any other related issues through a phone. With the introduction of mobile police vehicle system use of that technological advantages have become very telling both for preventives and passive criminal counter actions.21. It had been used in the past to combat terrorism, because of its rapid and sound accessibility. Same as that it will be effective provided with some improvements to the system.USE OF MEDIA22. Media plays a vital role in counter criminal activities. We have experienced during the war a ingestst the LTTE how efficaciously it can be used. There were occasions when suspected persons photographs and details were flashed on the screen on televisions, almost immediately and sometimes within a day, the information reached the authorities through light civilians.23. With the use of media, the authorities could use the population of over 20 million citizens of Sri Lanka to help observe and then report if any criminal activities take place. As it is impossible for governing agencies to monitor everywhere due to the lack of man power and resources it will be an added advantage. Therefore media could be used to distribute occurrent information to the public and authorities could then use information reported by the citizens.24. As mentioned previously, when it comes to personal crimes from a cultural perspective individuals are less likely to inform authorities. Television programmes such as Thiththa Aththa and Gahaniya use the media to encourage individuals to report and discuss these sensitive issues. On the opposite side of things, the same information that is used to help understand the circumstances of an incident, then it can be used by a criminal to cover his or her tracks.DIFFICULTIES FACED IN USE OF TECHNOLOGYECONOMY25. According to recent data, Britain is monitored by 4 million Close Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras making them the most watched nation in the world. British governing body insists that the use of CCTV cameras should b e viewed as being beneficial and protective. Sri Lanka does require a large amount of CCTV systems if it is to cover the required places effectively in entire country.26. A very basic camera system may cost about Rs. 100,000. As it is very expensive, it prevents Sri Lanka from using the required number of CCTV cameras. This same cost factor affects the use of other effective technologies such as use of DNA or Bio metric technology.LACK WITH KNOWLEDGE, EXPERTISE AND accomplishment PERSONAL27. Lack of skilled personals and professional knowledge has become another limiting factor in use of modern technology. Sri Lankan education system does not recognise the importance of technology in combating crime with the use of Bio metric technology.28. There is a huge brain-drain as most educated individuals in this area of expertise are likely to leave Sri Lanka for lack of employment. For example, even if these individuals have the knowledge, as Sri Lanka lacks the infrastructure, required e quipment as good as the technology to maintain the direct required to have a functioning Bio metric system. This then compels Sri Lanka to depend mainly on foreign technology and expertise.KNOWLEDGE LAPSES AMONG THE CITIZENS29. Sri Lanka is still a growing country. The ageing populations as well as the citizens in the rural areas in Sri Lanka are not aware of the available technology. For example, our grandparents would not be comfortable using a mobile phone. Even though the younger generation is aware of the benefits computers offer, in comparison to India, Sri Lankas IT literacy rate is comparatively low.30. Another complication arises in assay to introduce National Identity cards with the thumb print. Even if this technology was introduced, citizens need to be made aware of the basic functions and the methods to use them.LACKS IN INFRASTRUCTURES FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT31. foundation requirement for sensitive scientific subject like bio metric or commonly known as DNA are n ot available in the island, for that matter we are totally depended on other countries. This is leading to have more issues with time factor, economic factor and therefore tendency of using these technologies will always with some limitations.32. Not only the infrastructure, more importantly we do not even have the required equipments. For example we are in a process of introducing an identity card with finger print and with many other details. But to achieve the purpose those authority that are going to check the identity on the ground must be equipped with required mechanism to use the technology. If not having all required data, if those authorities happened to go with manual identification the entire purpose cannot be achieved.TRAINING ISSUE33. As discussed above, the level of IT literacy is relatively low in Sri Lanka. It would be extremely expensive to train individuals from the fountain and it would also be very time consuming.34. Training would only be beneficial if the ind ividual chosen is able to understand and remember what is expected of them. However, at the moment it is important to recognize individuals with some basic knowledge and interest in computers. This will help eliminate individuals unsuitable for the training programs.SUMMARY35. As same as any other field influence of the technology is a factor which is unavoidable for both crime and counter criminal activities. It is well understood that it is better to prevent a crime than to punish the individual for a crime once it has affected more parties. But the available technology that, which we are equipped with is been basically used for post criminal activities. However as at today there is urgency in use of technology for preventive mashers too. Because we are with enough details on that, certain individuals in society are more prone follow and maintain a criminal career. Furthermore, there appears seems to be with an obvious pattern among the individuals who have been jailed for committ ing serious crimes.36. Fingerprint technology, DNA or bio metric technology, Circuit Television or more commonly known as CCTV and mobile police vehicle system are used in Sri Lanka in counter criminal activities with many difficulties. Media also plays a vital role in counter criminal activities and again it is a double edged weapon which plays negative role too.37. Sri Lanka is a developing nation who has many difficulties in case of economy. There for the cost factor is being recognized as the main barrier in using technology against crime. Lack of skilled personals and professional knowledge, lack the infrastructure, lack equipment as well as the technology, training issues are the other difficulties faced by the authorities.38. Having being determine the areas where, more attention of the authority is highly essential now we have to up lift the awareness of the society to get the proper use of technology in order to achieve our ultimate aim by maintaining countries low and ord er.RECOMMENDATIONS39. Sri Lanka is a developing nation. Therefore, we only have access to limited resources. Hence, it becomes important to identify the requirements to prevent crime. It is true that justice cannot be determined by Rupees and cents, however, any changes to the system must be considered with concern for its cost effectiveness. For example, even if certain technologies have been used successfully in Western Countries, it does not necessarily mean that the same technology would be appropriate to use in Sri Lanka.40. As comely citizens may not be aware of the technology available, it may help to have a national wide education programme through the use of media and many other means. This has to be done before introducing any technology which may lead to confusion among the citizens.41. At the take aim level children are to be taught about technology and the benefits of computers as we need to train the next generation. In turn this knowledge of the children can be used to educate their families on the same aspect.42. Sri Lanka needs to enhance its databases. It would be beneficial to recognize and train individuals in computing skills. These individuals could then be used to help collect the most germane(predicate) data and help store them accurately for future references.43. On the other hand the governing body needs an eliminating programme to recognize potential individual that would be of value to them in the future afterward the training is completed. It is important to realize that as we lack the skill levels and the resources to train these individuals, the governing agencies to need help from foreign countries. The initial cost would expensive but in the long run it would benefit Sri Lanka44. New technology that such as CCTV is likely to become an essential tool when controlling criminals and their behaviors in time to come. However, it is important that law agencies do not only rely on CCTV cameras to attain this goal. For example, if the police force is aware that a certain area has CCTV cameras installed, they are less likely to frequent that particular area. If an individual gets assaulted in an area that has CCTV, the police may not be able to get to that area in time to help the victim. It is true that, the police could use the video to help catch the criminal after the crime has been committed but unfortunately, this may be of little consolidation for the already victimized individual.45. If we were to increase the number of patrol cars used, we should focus on the crime-ridden areas. This would help maximize the man power and resources used. It may also help if the patrol cars have access to a cellular phone. These vehicles are to be equipped with GPS to gain more advance passion over counter parties. This way, if a crime is reported, the dispatch centre would then be able to direct the closest patrol car to the area.46. In response to personal crimes such as rape and domestic assault, media could be used to reach out the average citizens still lifetime in the rural areas. It might help to encourage the younger generations to reach out to their elders regarding this matter. If people are made aware that these issues could be resolved with help, more victims may come forward without worrying about being made ridiculed by their peers. It may also help to start these educational policies at school levels and encourage children to speak to their parents and relations. This may then promote gender and social equality in Sri Lanka.

William Thomson Essay -- biographies biography bio lord kelvin

Born on June 26th 1824 in Belfast Ireland, William Thomson was one of many an(prenominal) children. He was primarily raised by his father, James Thomson, as his mother died when he was six. James Thomson raised his family in a strict Presbyterian fashion. Although his father was strict and demanding, William mangaed to maitain a close relatioship with his father. James Thomson was the professor of engineering in Belfast and later was appointed to the chair of mathematics at the University of Glasgow. He taught his son mathematics at a very early age and as a result, William Thomson became an accomplished mathematican beyond that of universities. William Thomson enterd Glasgow University at the age of ten. That was not as uncommon as it is today because back then the universities were competing for the best junior pupils. In 1838, when Thomson was 14, he began what people today would consider university locomote and when he was 15, his essay called An Essay on the approach pattern of the Earth won him a gold medal from the University of Glasgow. Thomson then went on to publish his first papers at ages 16 and 17. These papers were defending the work of Fourier who was being criticized by british scientists. Following his years at Glasgow, Thomson entered the University of Cambrige in 1841. He graduated in four years with a B.A. honors degree and was heartbeat wrangler. Further work in 1845 saw him become first Smiths prizeman and he was elected a fellow of Peterhouse. From there he went to Paris because of his interest in the French approach to mathematics and he wanted to gain practcal experience and competence in experimental work. Before leaving Paris, Thomson got involved in many discussions which led him to study th... ...that of electrical current flow which helped him solve the problems with trasmitting electrical signals over long distances. Following this project, thomson invented the mirror galvanometer whic h he patented in 1858 as a long distance telegrah reciever. These projects not only led him to a great deal of fame but also a lot of money. Because of the great victor he had from his work, Thomson was Knighted by QueenVictoria in 1866. He then retired from Glasgow in 1889 after being a professor for 53 years. In 1890 he became president of the august Society and held that position for five years and in 1892 he was created Baron Kelvin of Largs and recieved the Order of Merit in 1902. William Thomson, better know as ennoble Kelvin, eventually died at his home December 17th, 1907, in his estates close to Largs, Scotland, and was buried at Wetminster Abbey, London.

Hepatitis C Essay -- essays research papers

Hepatitis C has been referred to as a "Silent Epidemic," since it usually progresses slowly over galore(postnominal) years. Most raft who are give with hepatitis C are not aware of any noticeable symptoms for as long as one to two decades after they are infected. In fact, by the time symptoms appear, the computer virus has probably already begun to damage the liver-colored. If the liver is injured and stops functioning, death lead always be the conclusion (Lieber). Liver failure from chronic hepatitis C is one of the most common causes of liver transplants in the United States.Hepatitis C is an inflammation of the livers cells and tissues caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV).Hepatitis C virus is gillyflower-borne, which means it is spread through blood and blood products (Grady). After the discovery of hepatitis A virus in 1973 and hepatitis B in 1963, any cases of acute or chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis without identifiable causes were placed into the category of no n-A non-B (NANB) hepatitis(Palmer108) . In 1989, a major breakthrough regarding this shadowy and intriguing disease occurred, the hepatitis C virus was identified. Now, most hepatitis C viruses are believed to be the viruses responsible for about 90 percent of all cases of NANB.According to the U.S. Centers for affection Control and Prevention, approximately 1.8% of the U.S. population, or 3.9 million Americans, have been infected with this chronic blood-borne virus. About 50,000 new cases of hepatitis C are estimated to occur in the United States all(prenominal) year. Without proper and effective treatment the death rate is expected to triple in the next fifteen years (Turkington 9). Seventy-five percent of those infected with the virus will let chronic hepatitis and half of those concourse will develop cirrhosis of the liverDue to the fact that Hepatitis C is blood-borne there are many ways a person can contract HCV, and many types of people who are more prone to it than othe rs. The most effective mode of transmission is when an infected persons blood gets into the bloodstream of another person. HCV can only enter the bloodstream by first getting through the protective covering skin, this is called percutaneous route. parkland routes of infection include needle stick accidents among healthcare workers, shared needles that are used during body piercing, injecting illegal drugs, and tattooing (Turkington 19).Another common ... ...eek so many people ignore them and go back to their normal lives. Once most people sustain infected with acute hepatitis C and are untreated, patient will develop chronic hepatitis. In fact 85 percent of infected people develop chronic hepatitis C (Palmer 118).Chronic hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis of the liver, liver failure, and liver cancer (Hoofnagle). If Chronic hepatitis does not reverse itself, and a liver transplant is not done the liver will shrink, the kidneys will fail, and the patient will lapse into a coma (Bushie ). The main symptom for chronic hepatitis in jaundice. The result is the yellowish appearance of the skin and eyes and the urine will become a brownish color (Leiber). Many patients have complained of red itchy rash on their bodies and pain in their lung and abdominal areas (Bushie). The limbs often swell, and many hump brain fogs, where they forget what is happening around them. There are many symptoms that hepatitis C shares with other viruses, this is what makes it difficult to diagnose. After the diagnosis is made from the necessary blood tests, the doctor will perform a liver biopsy to determine the extent of inflammation and damage in the liver.